A municipal water supply scheme consists of the following components
1. Collection works
2. Transmission works
3. Purification works
4. Distribution works
1. Collection works
Collection works are meant for the development of surface water or ground water resources. For major cities or where water requirements are large, water is collected from a surface source - mostly a river or stream. If the river is perennial, a direct intake structure can be built on the river bank. If however, river is not perennial, a dam is built across a river so that water is stored in the reservoir. Water is then drawn from the reservoir as per needs.
The collection works, therefore consists of a storage or diversion work, and an intake structure.
2. Transmission works :
When collection works are far away from the city where water is to be supplied, work is conveyed to the city through the transmission works. Depending upon the topography of the area between the two sites, the transmission works may be in the form of pipes, canals or aqueducts. For simple gravity flow, canals are generally used. But, for uneven topography, pumping may have to be resorted to.
3. Purification works :
The water collected directly from the source may not be safe for drinking because of physical, chemical and biological impurities. The principal aim of the purification works is to supply clean and bacteria free water.
The main components of purification works are :
-coagulation
-Flocculation
-Sedimentation
-Filtration
-Disinfection
4. Distribution works :
The treated and purifical water is finally supplied to the consumers through suitable distribution system. In order that water may flow in the water supply pipes under pressure, the purified water is stored in an elevated service reservoirs.
Main systems of water distribution are:
-Dead end system
-Grid iron system
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